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일반적으로 어학기관의 레벨은 6단계로 레벨 분화가 되어 있습니다. 이것에 대한 기준을 명확하게 보기 위해서 살펴봐야 할 것이 CEFR 기준입니다. 아래의 위키 피디어 내용을 참조하시고 A1부터 C2까지 총 6단계에 대한 기본사항을 이해하시면 어학연수에 도움이 되실 것입니다.

 

 

CEFR(Common European Framework of Reference for Languages)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment, abbreviated as CEFR or CEF, is a guideline used to describe achievements of learners of foreign languages across Europe and, increasingly, in other countries (for example, Colombia and the Philippines). It was put together by the Council of Europe as the main part of the project "Language Learning for European Citizenship" between 1989 and 1996. Its main aim is to provide a method of learning, teaching and assessing which applies to all languages in Europe. In November 2001 a European Union Council Resolution recommended using the CEFR to set up systems of validation of language ability. The six reference levels (see below) are becoming widely accepted as the European standard for grading an individual's language proficiency.

 

 

Development

 

In 1991 the Swiss Federal Authorities held an Intergovernmental Symposium in Rüschlikon, Switzerland, on "Transparency and Coherence in Language Learning in Europe: Objectives, Evaluation, Certification". This symposium found that a common European framework for languages was needed to improve the recognition of language qualifications and help teachers co-operate, eventually leading to improved communication and cooperation among language teachers in Europe.

 

As a result of the symposium, the Swiss National Science Foundation set up a project to develop levels of proficiency, to lead on to the creation of a "European Language Portfolio" - certification in language ability which can be used across Europe.

 

A preliminary version of the Manual for Relating Language Examinations to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) was published in 2003. This draft version was piloted in a number of projects, which included linking a single test to the CEFR, linking suites of exams at different levels, and national studies by exam boards and research institutes. Practitioners and academics shared their experiences at a colloquium in Cambridge in 2007 and the pilot case studies and findings were published in Studies in Language Testing (SiLT). The findings from the pilot projects then informed the Manual revision project during 2008/09.

 

 

Screen Shot 2015-02-11 at 18.31.30.png

 

Theoretical background

 

The CEFR adopts an action-oriented approach that, according to Carlos César Jiménez of Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, can be traced back to theoretical proposals made by philosophers of language such as Ludwig Wittgenstein in the 1950s and sociolinguists such as Dell Hymes. The approach regards language users as social agents who develop general and particular communicative competences while trying to achieve their everyday goals.

 

The CEFR divides general competences in knowledge (descriptive knowledge), skills, and existential competence with particular communicative competences in linguistic competence, sociolinguistic competence, and pragmatic competence. This division does not exactly match previously well-known notions of communicative competence, but correspondences among them can be made.

 

General and particular communicative competences are developed by producing or receiving texts in various contexts under various conditions and constraints. These contexts correspond to various sectors of social life that the CEFR calls domains. Four broad domains are distinguished: educational, occupational, public, and personal.

 

A language user can develop various degrees of competence in each of these domains and to help describe them the CEFR has provided a set of Common Reference Levels.

 

 

Common reference levels

The Common European Framework divides learners into three broad divisions that can be divided into six levels; for each level, it describes what a learner is supposed to be able to do in reading, listening, speaking and writing. These levels are:

 

 

Screen Shot 2015-02-11 at 18.31.51.png

 

level group level group name level level name description
A Basic User A1 Breakthrough or beginner
  • Can understand and use familiar everyday expressions and very basic phrases aimed at the satisfaction of needs of a concrete type.
  • Can introduce him/herself and others and can ask and answer questions about personal details such as where he/she lives, people he/she knows and things he/she has.
  • Can interact in a simple way provided the other person talks slowly and clearly and is prepared to help.
A2 Way stage or elementary
  • Can understand sentences and frequently used expressions related to areas of most immediate relevance (e.g. very basic personal and family information, shopping, local geography, employment).
  • Can communicate in simple and routine tasks requiring a simple and direct exchange of information on familiar and routine matters.
  • Can describe in simple terms aspects of his/her background, immediate environment and matters in areas of immediate need.
B Independent User B1 Threshold or intermediate
  • Can understand the main points of clear standard input on familiar matters regularly encountered in work, school, leisure, etc.
  • Can deal with most situations likely to arise while traveling in an area where the language is spoken.
  • Can produce simple connected text on topics that are familiar or of personal interest.
  • Can describe experiences and events, dreams, hopes and ambitions and briefly give reasons and explanations for opinions and plans.
B2 Vantage or upper intermediate
  • Can understand the main ideas of complex text on both concrete and abstract topics, including technical discussions in his/her field of specialization.
  • Can interact with a degree of fluency and spontaneity that makes regular interaction with native speakers quite possible without strain for either party.
  • Can produce clear, detailed text on a wide range of subjects and explain a viewpoint on a topical issue giving the advantages and disadvantages of various options.
C Proficient User C1 Effective Operational Proficiency or advanced
  • Can understand a wide range of demanding, longer texts, and recognize implicit meaning.
  • Can express ideas fluently and spontaneously without much obvious searching for expressions.
  • Can use language flexibly and effectively for social, academic and professional purposes.
  • Can produce clear, well-structured, detailed text on complex subjects, showing controlled use of organizational patterns, connectors and cohesive devices.
C2 Mastery or proficiency
  • Can understand with ease virtually everything heard or read.
  • Can summarize information from different spoken and written sources, reconstructing arguments and accounts in a coherent presentation.
  • Can express him/herself spontaneously, very fluently and precisely, differentiating finer shades of meaning even in the most complex situations.

These descriptors can apply to any of the languages spoken in Europe, and there are translations in many languages.

 

 

Rest of the world

The table below summarizes the correspondences between CEFR levels and common language proficiency scales around the world.

 

Language
(ISO
639-3
)
Certificate A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2
mul UNIcert     UNIcert I UNIcert II UNIcert III UNIcert IV
mul TELC A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2
cat Catalan Language Certificates   Bàsic-A2 Elemental-B1 Intermedi-B2 Suficiència-C1 Superior-C2
cmn Chinese Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi(HSK) HSK Level 3 HSK Level 4 HSK Level 5 HSK Level 6 - -
cmn Test of Chinese As A Foreign Language(TOCFL) (Taiwan) TOCFL Level 1 TOCFL Level 2 TOCFL Level 3 TOCFL Level 4 TOCFL Level 5  
cym WJEC Defnyddio'r Gymraeg Mynediad (Entry) Sylfaen (Foundation) Canolradd (Intermediate) - Uwch (Advanced) Hyfedredd (Proficiency)
cze Czech Language Certificate Exam (CCE) CCE-A1 CCE-A2 CCE-B1 CCE-B2 CCE-C1 -
dan Prøve i Dansk (Danish Language Exam)[36]   Prøve i Dansk 1 Prøve i Dansk 2 Prøve i Dansk 3 Studieprøven  
deu Goethe-Institut Goethe-Zertifikat A1
Start Deutsch 1
Goethe-Zertifikat A2
Start Deutsch 2
Goethe-Zertifikat B1
Zertifikat Deutsch(ZD)
Goethe-Zertifikat B2
Zertifikat Deutsch für den Beruf (ZDfB)
Goethe-Zertifikat C1
Zentrale Mittelstufenprüfung
Goethe-Zertifikat C2 - Großes Deutsches Sprachdiplom (GDS)
Zentrale Oberstufenprüfung
Kleines Deutsches Sprachdiplom
deu TestDaF       TDN 3 — TDN 4 TDN 4 — TDN 5  
ell Πιστοποίηση Ελληνομάθειας(Certificate of Attainment in Modern Greek) Α1
(Στοιχειώδης Γνώση)
Α2
(Βασική Γνώση)
Β1
(Μέτρια Γνώση)
Β2
(Καλή Γνώση)
Γ1
(Πολύ Καλή Γνώση)
Γ2
(Άριστη Γνώση)
eng Anglia Examinations Preliminary Elementary Intermediate Advanced Proficiency Masters
eng TrackTest A1 (Beginner) A2 (Elementary) B1 (Pre-Intermediate) B2 (Intermediate) C1 (Upper-Intermediate) C2 (Advanced)
eng iTEP 1-2 2.5-3 3.5 4-4.5 5-5.5 6
eng IELTS 2.0 3.0 3.5-4.5 (3.5 is the margin) 5.0-6.0 (5.0 is the margin) 6.5-7.5 (6.5 is the margin) 8.0-9.0 (8.0 is the margin)
eng TOEIC 60 - 105 (listening) 60 - 110 (reading) 110 - 270 (listening) 115 - 270 (reading) 275 - 395 (listening) 275 - 380 (reading) 400 - 485 (listening) 385 - 450 (reading) 490 - 495 (listening) 455 - 495 (reading)  
eng Versant 26-35 36-46 47-57 58-68 69-78 79-80
eng Duolingo English Test  ?  ? 2.6 to 5.5 5.6 to 8.5 8.6 to 10.0  ?
eng TOEFL (IBT) 8-12 (speaking) 13-18 (speaking), 11-16 (writing) 57 to 86 87 to 109 110 to 120 29-30 (reading)
eng TOEFL ITP   337 460 543 627  
eng TOEFL Junior Standard   225-245 (listening), 210-245 (language form), 210-240 (reading) 250-285 (listening), 250-275 (language form), 245-275 (reading) 290-300 (listening), 280-300 (language form), 280-300 (reading)    
eng City and Guilds Preliminary Access Achiever Communicator Expert Mastery
eng NQF (UK Only) Entry Level Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Levels 4-6 Level 7-8
eng Cambridge exam KET (45 to 59) PET (45 to 59)/ KET Pass with Merit, Pass FCE (45 to 59) / PET Pass with Merit, Pass / KET Pass with Distinction CAE (45 to 59) / FCE grade B or C / PET Pass with Distinction CPE (45 to 59) / CAE grade B or C / FCE grade A CPE grade A, B or C / CAE grade A
eng EXAMAGRAM 143-245 246-428 429-579 572-714 715-858 859-1000
eng PTE Academic   30 43 59 76 85ƒ
eng PTE General (formerly LTE) Level A1 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5
eng Trinity College London Integrated Skills in English (ISE) / Graded Examinations in Spoken English (GESE) / Spoken English for Work (SEW) GESE 2 ISE 0
GESE 3, 4
ISE I
GESE 5, 6
SEW 1
ISE II
GESE 7, 8, 9
SEW 2, 3
ISE III
GESE 10, 11
SEW 4
ISE IV
GESE 12
eng British General Qualifications Foundation Tier GCSE Higher Tier GCSE GCE AS level / lower grade A-level GCE A-Level (known as A2)    
eus IVAP-HAEE     HE 1 - IVAP-HAEE HE 2 - IVAP-HAEE HE 3 - IVAP-HAEE HE 4 - IVAP-HAEE
eus HABE     Lehenengo maila - HABE Bigarren maila - HABE Hirugarren maila - HABE Laugarren maila - HABE
eus EGA         Euskararen Gaitasun Agiria  
fin YKI 1 2 3 4 5 6
fra CIEP / Alliance française diplomas TCF A1 / DELFA1 TCF A2 / DELFA2 / CEFP 1 TCF B1 / DELF B1 / CEFP 2 TCF B2 / DELF B2 / Diplôme de Langue TCF C1 / DALF C1 / DSLCF TCF C2 / DALFC2 / DHEF
glg Certificado de lingua galega (CELGA)[67]   CELGA 1 CELGA 2 CELGA 3 CELGA 4 CELGA 5
ita CELI Impatto 1 2 3 4 5
ita CILS A1 A2 Uno Due Tre Quattro / DIT C2
ita PLIDA (Dante Alighieri Society diplomas) PLIDA A1 PLIDA A2 PLIDA B1 PLIDA B2 PLIDA C1 PLIDA C2
jpn Japanese-Language Proficiency Test(JLPT) N5 N4 N3 N2 N1 -
kor Test of Proficiency in Korean (TOPIK) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Level 6
nld CNaVT - Certificaat Nederlands als Vreemde Taal (Certificate of Dutch as Foreign Language)   Profile tourist and informal language proficiency (PTIT) Profile societal language proficiency (PMT) Profile professional language proficiency (PPT), Profile language proficiency higher education (PTHO) Profile academic language proficiency (PAT)  
nld Inburgeringsexamen (Integration examination for immigrants from outside the EU) Pre-examination at embassy of home country Examination in the Netherlands        
nld Staatsexamen Nederlands als tweede taal NT2 (State Examination Dutch as second language NT2)     NT2 programma I NT2 programma II    
nor Norskprøver Norskprøve 1 Norskprøve 2 Norskprøve 3 Bergenstest    
por CAPLE QECR CIPLE DEPLE DIPLE DAPLE DUPLE
por CELPE-Bras Intermediate Intermediate Superior Intermediate Superior Intermediate Advanced Superior Advanced
rus ТРКИ – Тест по русскому языку как иностранному (TORFL – Test of Russian as a Foreign Language) ТЭУ Элементарный уровень ТБУ Базовый уровень ТРКИ-1 (I Cертификационный уровень) (1st Certificate level) ТРКИ-2 ТРКИ-3 ТРКИ-4
spa DELE A1 A2 B1 (formerly "Inicial") B2 (formerly "Intermedio") C1 C2 (formerly "Superior")
swe TISUS - - - - TISUS -
swe Swedex - A2 B1 B2 - -
  AMCAD EFL A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2
  ALTE level Breakthrough level Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5
ukr  UMI/ULF - Ukrainian as foreign language UMI 1 UMI 2 UMI 3 UMI 4 UMI 5 UMI 6